Respiratory Quotient

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Carbohydrates-fats-and-protein/”>Respiratory quotient: Carbohydrates, fats and protein

The respiratory quotient (or RQ or respiratory coefficient), is a dimensionless number used in calculations of basal metabolic rate (BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. It is calculated from the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to Oxygen consumed by the body. Such measurements, like measurements of oxygen uptake, are forms of indirect calorimetry. It is measured using a respirometer. The Respiratory Quotient value indicates which macronutrients are being metabolized, as different energy pathways are used for fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. A value of 0.7 indicates that lipids are being metabolized, 0.8 for proteins, and 1.0 for carbohydrates. The approximate respiratory quotient of a mixed diet is 0.8. Some of the other factors that may affect the respiratory quotient are energy balance, circulating insulin, and insulin sensitivity.

Carbohydrates: The respiratory quotient for carbohydrate Metabolism can be demonstrated by the chemical equation for oxidation of glucose:

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2+ 6 H2O

Because the gas exchange in this reaction is equal, the respiratory quotient for carbohydrates is: RQ = 6 CO2 / 6 O2 = 1.0

Fats: The chemical composition of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that fats contain considerably fewer oxygen atoms in proportion to atoms of carbon and hydrogen. The substrate utilization of palmitic acid is:

C16H32O2 + 23 O2 → 16 CO2 + 16 H2O

Thus, the RQ for palmitic acid is approximately 0.7. RQ = 16 CO2 / 23 O2 = 0.696

Proteins: The respiratory quotient for protein metabolism can be demonstrated by the chemical equation for oxidation of albumin:

C72H112N18O22S + 77 O2 → 63 CO2 + 38 H2O + SO3 + 9 CO(NH2)2

The RQ for protein is approximately 0.8. RQ = 63 CO2/ 77O2 = 0.8

Due to the complexity of the various ways in which different amino acids can be metabolized, no single RQ can be assigned to the oxidation of protein in the diet; however, 0.8 is a frequently utilized estimate.

Applications

Practical applications of the respiratory quotient can be found in severe cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in which patients spend a significant amount of energy on respiratory effort. By increasing the proportion of fats in the diet, the respiratory quotient is driven down, causing a relative decrease in the amount of CO2 produced. This reduces the respiratory burden to eliminate CO2, thereby reducing the amount of energy spent on respirations.

Respiratory Quotient can be used as an indicator of over or underfeeding. Underfeeding, which forces the body to utilize fat stores, will lower the respiratory quotient while overfeeding, which causes lipogenesis, will increase it. Underfeeding is marked by a respiratory quotient below 0.85, while a respiratory quotient greater than 1.0 indicates overfeeding. This is particularly important in patients with compromised respiratory systems, as an increased respiratory quotient significantly corresponds to increased respiratory rate and decreased tidal volume, placing compromised patients at a significant risk.

Because of its role in metabolism, respiratory quotient can be used in analysis of liver function and diagnosis of liver disease. In patients suffering from liver cirrhosis, non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) values act as good indicators in the prediction of overall survival rate. Patients having a npRQ < 0.85 show considerably lower survival rates as compared to patients with a npRQ > 0.85.A decrease in npRQ corresponds to a decrease in glycogen storage by the liver. Similar research indicates that non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases are also accompanied by a low respiratory quotient value, and the non protein respiratory quotient value was a good indication of disease severity.

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What is the difference between Respiration and breathing?

Respiration is the process by which an organism takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Breathing is the process by which an organism takes in air and releases it.

What are the different Types Of Respiration?

There are two main types of respiration: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is the process by which an organism uses oxygen to break down glucose to produce energy. Anaerobic respiration is the process by which an organism breaks down glucose without using oxygen.

What is the role of oxygen in respiration?

Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration to break down glucose to produce energy. The energy produced by respiration is used by the organism to carry out its life processes.

What is the role of carbon dioxide in respiration?

Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration. It is released from the organism when it breathes out.

What is the respiratory quotient?

The respiratory quotient is a measure of how much carbon dioxide is produced for every molecule of oxygen used. It is calculated by dividing the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the amount of oxygen used.

What is the normal respiratory quotient?

The normal respiratory quotient for humans is 0.8. This means that for every molecule of oxygen used, 0.8 Molecules of carbon dioxide are produced.

What happens to the respiratory quotient during exercise?

During exercise, the respiratory quotient increases. This is because the body uses more carbohydrates for energy, and carbohydrates produce more carbon dioxide than other types of fuel.

What happens to the respiratory quotient during starvation?

During starvation, the respiratory quotient decreases. This is because the body starts to break down fat for energy, and fat produces less carbon dioxide than carbohydrates.

What are the benefits of good respiration?

Good respiration provides the body with the oxygen it needs to function properly. It also helps to remove waste products from the body.

What are the risks of poor respiration?

Poor respiration can lead to a number of Health problems, including fatigue, headaches, and dizziness. It can also lead to more serious problems, such as heart disease and stroke.

How can I improve my respiration?

There are a number of things you can do to improve your respiration, including:

Exercise regularly.
Eat a healthy diet.
Get enough sleep.
Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke.
Manage Stress.

What is the role of the Respiratory System in the body?

The respiratory system is responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. It also helps to regulate the body’s pH level.

What are the different parts of the respiratory system?

The respiratory system consists of the lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.

How does the respiratory system work?

The respiratory system works by taking in air through the nose or mouth. The air is then filtered and warmed by the nose and throat. The air then passes down the trachea, which is also known as the windpipe. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which lead to the lungs. The bronchi divide into smaller and smaller branches called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli are surrounded by capillaries, which are tiny blood vessels. The oxygen in the air passes through the walls of the alveoli into the capillaries. The carbon dioxide in the blood passes through the walls of the capillaries into the alveoli. The air is then exhaled out of the body.

What are some common respiratory problems?

Some common respiratory problems include:

Asthma
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Emphysema
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

What are some of the symptoms of respiratory problems?

Some of the symptoms of respiratory problems include:

Coughing
Wheezing
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Fatigue
Fever

How are respiratory problems treated?

The treatment for respiratory problems depends on the type of problem. Some common treatments include:

Medications
Oxygen therapy
Surgery

What are some ways to prevent respiratory problems?

Some ways to prevent respiratory problems include:

Quit smoking
Get vaccinated against pneumonia
Avoid secondhand smoke
Wash your hands often
Eat a healthy diet
Exercise regularly
Get enough sleep

Which of the following is not a type of respiration?
(A) Aerobic respiration
(B) Anaerobic respiration
(C) Photosynthesis
(D) Fermentation-2/”>Fermentation
Which of the following is the most efficient type of respiration?
(A) Aerobic respiration
(B) Anaerobic respiration
(C) Photosynthesis
(D) Fermentation
Which of the following is the equation for aerobic respiration?
(A) C6H12O6 + 6O2 â 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
(B) C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi â 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP
(C) 6CO2 + 6H2O â C6H12O6 + 6O2
(D) C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi â 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP
Which of the following is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
(A) C6H12O6 + 6O2 â 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
(B) C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi â 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP
(C) 6CO2 + 6H2O â C6H12O6 + 6O2
(D) C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi â 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP
Which of the following is the equation for photosynthesis?
(A) C6H12O6 + 6O2 â 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
(B) C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi â 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP
(C) 6CO2 + 6H2O â C6H12O6 + 6O2
(D) 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy â C6H12O6 + 6O2
Which of the following is the equation for fermentation?
(A) C6H12O6 + 6O2 â 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
(B) C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi â 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP
(C) 6CO2 + 6H2O â C6H12O6 + 6O2
(D) C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi â 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP
Which of the following is the main product of aerobic respiration?
(A) ATP
(B) CO2
(C) H2O
(D) NADH
Which of the following is the main product of anaerobic respiration?
(A) ATP
(B) CO2
(C) H2O
(D) NADH
Which of the following is the main product of photosynthesis?
(A) ATP
(B) CO2
(C) H2O
(D) O2
Which of the following is the main product of fermentation?
(A) ATP
(B) CO2
(C) H2O
(D) Ethanol